![]() ![]() Without the comma in the following sentence, yoga could be a topic of the scary stories: (In this situation, the relatives of the bride, groom, and bridal party all sit together while the escorts that came with them sit separately in their own section. We will have separate sections for friends of the bride and groom, relatives of the bride and groom and the bridal party, and their escorts. (In this situation, the bridal party and their escorts sit together in their own section separately from relatives of the bride and groom. We will have separate sections for friends of the bride and groom, relatives of the bride and groom, and the bridal party and their escorts. The next two examples show that, depending on how the writer intended to separate the groups of people, the placement of a comma before the and of the last item clears up the confusion: We will have separate sections for friends of the bride and groom, relatives of the bride and groom and the bridal party and their escorts In the following example, it could be unclear who is included in each section: Without the comma the relationship between the last two items is not always clear. The comma implies that all items in the series are separate. Although some writers and some publications follow other conventions, misunderstanding of the writer's intentions can occur without the comma. When commas are used to separate items in a series of three or more, it is less confusing to include a comma before the final item, regardless of whether or not and is placed between the last two items.The apartment and the car and the books were more than I could afford. Their new kitten was frisky and playful and coy and mischievous. The apartment and the car were more than I could afford. A comma is not used if all items are joined by and.The apartment, the car, and the books were more than I could afford. Their new kitten was frisky, playful, coy, and mischievous. Generally, this includes placing a comma before the and preceding the last item All items in a series should be separated by commas. ![]() Use a comma to separate items in a series. Note that if the two independent clauses are very short and there is no chance the separate thoughts will be confusing, the comma can be optional.Ģ.Gloria took a trip to Oroville, and her friend Pat joined her there. The comma creates a pause to indicate that one complete thought is ending before the next one begins.Ĭarol spotted her favorite butterfly, but she had forgotten to bring her camera. When one of these words is used to join two or more independent clauses (a group of words that could stand alone as a complete sentence), then a comma must always be placed before the coordinating conjunction. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses. ![]() In English there are always exceptions to every rule, but in general, if the situation does not meet the requirements of one of these rules, a comma is most likely not necessary.ġ. Use of the comma can be categorized into ten rules. Consistency in the use of commas allows the reader to be assured of proper interpretation of the writer's intentions. The comma is used according to specific rules that relate to grammatical structures within the sentence. When a sentence is spoken aloud, a comma often represents a pause, which in verbal conversation functions to clarify meaning. The comma functions as a tool to indicate to readers a certain separation of words, phrases, or ideas in order to prevent misreading the writer's intended meaning. ![]()
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